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BAINITE
A slender, needle-like (acicular) microstructure appearing in spring steel strip characterized by toughness and greater ductility than tempered Martensite. Bainite is a decomposition product of Austenite best developed at interrupted holding temperatures below those forming fine pearlite and above those giving Martensite.

BANDED STRUCTURE
Appearance of a metal, under a microscope or viewed by the naked eye, on fractured or smoothed surfaces, with or without etching, showing parallel bands in the direction of rolling or working.

BAND SAW STEEL (WOOD)
A hardened tempered bright polished high carbon cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics. Usually carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value of approximately C40/45.

BARK
Surface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting from heating in an oxidizing environment. In the case of steel, such bark always suffers from decarburization.

BASE BOX
(See Tin Plate Base Box)


BASIC OPEN HEARTH
(See Open Hearth Process)


BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS
A steel making process wherein oxygen of the highest purity is blown onto the surface of a bath of molten iron contained in a basic lined and ladle shaped vessel. The melting cycle duration is extremely short with quality comparable to Open Hearth Steel.




BASIC PROCESS
A steel making process either Bessemer, open hearth or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a basic refractory. A slag, rich in lime, being formed and phosphorous removed.


BASIC STEEL
(See Basic Process)

BATH ANNEALING
Immersion in a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts) held at an assigned temperature. When a lead bath is used, the process is known as lead annealing.

BAUXITE
The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula Al2O3xH2O.




BEADING
Raising a ridge on sheet metal.

BEND TEST
Various tests used to determine the toughness and ductility of flat rolled metal sheet, strip or plate, in which the material is bent around its axis or around an outside radius. A complete test might specify such a bend to be both with and against the direction of grain. For testing, samples should be edge filed to remove burrs and any edgewise cracks resulting from slitting or shearing. If a vice is to be used then line the jaws with some soft metal or brass, so as to permit a free flow of the metal in the sample being tested.

BERYLLIUM COPPER
An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with optionally fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this series show remarkable age-hardening properties and an ultimate hardness of about 400 Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such hardness and good electrical conductivity, beryllium-copper is used in electrical switches, springs, etc.


BESSEMER PROCESS
A steel making process in which air is blown through the molten iron so that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation.

BILLET
(See Bloom)


BINARY ALLOY
An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.

BLACK ANNEALING
A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip or wire after hot working and pickling. (See Box Annealing)

BLACK OIL TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIP
(Scaleless Blue.) A flat cold rolled usually .70/.80% medium high carbon spring steel strip, blue-black in color, which has been quenched in oil and drawn to desired hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue tempered spring steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less exacting requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs, hold down springs, trap springs, etc. It will take a more severe bend before fracture than will clock spring, but it does not have the same degree of spring-back.

BLACK PLATE
A light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called because of its dark oxide coloring prior to pickling. It is manufactured by two different processes. (1) From sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheer mills in tandem. This method is now almost obsolete. (2) On modern, high speed continuous tandem cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pickled wide strip into ribbon wound coils to finished gage. Sizes range from 12” to 32” in width, and in thicknesses from 55 lbs. to 275 lbs. base box weight. It is used either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or terne coated.

BLAST FURNACE
A vertical shaft type smelting furnace in which an air blast is used, usually hot, for producing pig iron . The furnace is continuous in operation using iron ore, coke, and limestone as raw materials which are charged at the top while the molten iron and slag are collected at the bottom and are tapped out at intervals.

BLAST BOX
(See Tin Plate Base Box)




BLISTER
A defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface or formed beneath the surface while the metal is hot or plastic. Very fine blisters are called “pin-head” or “pepper” blisters.




BLOOM
(Slab, Billet, Sheet-Bar.) Semifinished products, hot rolled from ingots. The chief differences are in their cross sectional areas in ratio of width to thickness, and in their intended use.




BLOOMING-MILL
A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets, slabs, sheet-bar etc. (See Semi-Finished Steel)

BLOWHOLE
A cavity produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in pockets.

BLUE ANNEALING
A process of softening ferrous alloys in the form of hot rolled sheet, by heating in the open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air. The formation of bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.

BLUE BRITTLENESS
Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous alloys are worked between 300?and 700癋. This phenomenon may be observed at the working temperature or subsequently at lower temperatures.

BLUE TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIPS
(See Tempered Spring Steel Strip)


BLUING
(1) Sheets - A method of coating sheets with a thin, even film of bluish-black oxide, obtained by exposure to an atmosphere of dry steam or air, at a temperature of about 1000癋, generally this is done during box-annealing. (2) Bluing of tempered spring steel strip; an oxide film blue in color produced by low temperature heating.

BODY-CENTERED
(Concerning space lattices.) Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered or space-centered.




BONDERIZING
The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc phosphate in order to develop better bonding surface for paint or lacquer.




BORON
(Chemical Symbol B)- Element No. 5 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 10.82. It is gray in color, ignites at about 1112癋. and burns with a brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is about 4000癋. Boron is used in steel in minute quantities for one purpose only - to increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration.


BOTTLE TOP MOLD
Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture of “capped steel,” the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitted into the bottleneck, which stops “rimming” action by trapping escaping gases.

BOW
(See Camber)




BOX ANNEALING
A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable closed metal container, with or without packing materials, in order to minimize oxidation. The charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly. This process is also called “close annealing” or “pot annealing.” (See Black Annealing)




BRAKE
A piece of equipment used for bending sheet: also called a “bar folder.” If operated manually, it is called a “hand brake”; if power driven, it is called a “press brake.”


BRALE
A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a Rockwell hardness tester for hard metals.

BRASS (Cartridge)
Strip. 70% copper 30% zinc. This is one of the most widely used of the copper-zinc alloys; it is malleable and ductile; has excellent cold-working; poor hot working and poor machining properties; develops high tensile strength with cold-working. Temper is impaired by cold rolling and classified in hardness by the number of B & S Gages of rolling (reduction in thickness) from the previous annealing gage. Rated excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding and fair for resistance of carbon arc welding. Used for drawn cartridges, tubes, eyelet machine items, snap fasteners, etc.




BRASS SHIM
(See SHIM)


BRASS (Yellow)
Strip. 65% copper and 35% zinc. Known as “High Brass” or “Two to One Brass.” A copper-zinc alloy yellow in color. Formerly widely used but now largely supplanted by Cartridge Brass.




BRASSES
Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal added element. Brass is harder and stronger than either of its alloying elements copper or zinc; it is malleable and ductile; develops high tensile with cold-working and not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development.


BRAZING
Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 800癋. but lower than those of the metals being joined. This may be accomplished by means of a torch (torch brazing), in a furnace (furnace brazing) or by dipping in a molten flux bath (dip or flux brazing). The filler metal is ordinarily in rod form in torch brazing; whereas in furnace and dip brazing the work material is first assembled and the filler metal may then be applied as wire, washers, clips, bands, or may be integrally bonded, as in brazing sheet.


BREAK TEST
(For tempered steel) A method of testing hardened and tempered high carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain in a vice-like calibrated testing machine. Pressure is applied until the metal fractures at which point a reading is taken and compared with a standard chart of brake limitations for various thickness range. (See Bend Test)

BRIDLING
The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately prior to a forming, bending, or drawing operation. A process designed to prevent the formulation of Luder’s lines. Caution: Bridled metal should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself) return to its pre-bridled condition.




BRIGHT ANNEALED WIRE
Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled non-oxidizing atmosphere furnace.

BRIGHT ANNEALING
A process of annealing usually carried out in a controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.


BRIGHT BASIC WIRE
Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright Bessemer Wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc.


BRIGHT BESSEMER WIRE
Stiff bright steel wire of hard drawn temper. Normally drawn to size without annealing. Used for nails, flat head wood screws, cheap springs, etc.

BRIGHT COMMERCIAL FINISH
(See Finishes)




BRIGHT DIP
An acid solution into which articles are dipped to obtain a clean, bright surface.

BRINELL HARDNESS (Test)
A common standard method of measuring the hardness of certain metals. The smooth surface of the metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under pressure or load. The diameter of the resultant indentation, in the metal surface, is measured by a special microscope and the Brinell hardness value read from a chart or calculated formula.

BRITTLENESS
A tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.




BROACHING
Multiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cutting edges along the work, particularly through holes.

BRONZE
Primarily an alloy of copper and tin but the name is now applied to other alloys not containing tin; e.g., aluminum, bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze. For varieties and uses of tin bronze see (Alpha Bronze and Phosphor Bronze).




BROWN & SHARPE GAGES (B & S)
A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as by numbers, to which the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal is usually made and which is used in the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copper-base alloys and aluminum. These gage numbers have a definite relationship to each other. By this system the decimal thickness is reduced by 50% every six gage numbers -while temper is expressed by the number of B S gage numbers as cold reduced in thickness from previous annealing. For each B & S gage number in thickness reduction, there is assigned a hardness value of ?hard. To illustrate: One number hard = ?hard, two numbers hard = ?hard, etc.




BUCKLE
Alternate bulges or hollows recurring along the length of the product with the edges remaining relatively flat.


BURNING
Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimental action begins.

BURNT
A term applied to a metal permanently damaged by overheating.

BURR
A thin ridge or roughness left by a cutting operation such as in metal slitting, shearing, blanking or sawing. This is common to a No. 3 slit edge in the case of steel.

BUTCHER SAW STEEL
A hardened, tempered, and bright polished high carbon spring steel strip (carbon content a bit higher than in wood band saw quality) with a Rockwell value of approximately C47/49.

BUTT WELDING
Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them.

CAKE
A copper ingot rectangular in cross section intended for rolling.


CAMBER OR BOW
Edgewise curvature. A lateral departure of a side edge of sheet or strip metal from a straight line.


CAMERA SHUTTER STEEL
Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra precision rolled. Carbon content 1.25, Chromium .15.



CAPPED STEEL
(See Bottle Top Mold)



CARBIDE
A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.


CARBON
(Chemical symbol C) - Element No. 6 of the periodic system; atomic weight 12.01; has three allotropic modifications, all non-metallic. Carbon is preset in practically all ferrous alloys, and has tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal. Carbon is also an essential compound of the cemented carbides. Its metallurgical use, in the form of coke, for reduction of oxides, is very extensive.




CARBON FREE
Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.

CARBON RANGE
In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.




CARBON STEEL
Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages.




CARBURIZING
(Cementation) Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gasses. The oldest method of case hardening.

CASE HARDENING
Carburizing and subsequently hardening by suitable heat-treatment, all or part of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy.


CAST
(1) A term indicating in the annealed state as “Cast Spring Steel Wire.” (2) In reference to Bright or Polished Strip Steel or Wire, the word cast implies discoloration as a shadow. (3) A term implying a lack of straightness as in a coil set.


CAST STEEL
Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.

CEMENTITE
A compound of iron and carbon known as “Iron Carbide,” which has the approximate chemical formula Fe3C containing 6.69% of carbon. Hard and brittle, it is the hard constituents of cast iron, and the normal form in which carbon is present in steel. It is magnetizable, but not as readily as ferrite.




CHARCOAL TIN PLATE
Tin Plate with a relatively heavy coating of tin (higher than the “Coke Tin Plate” grades).




CHATTER MARKS
(Defect) - Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations.

CHIPPING
A method for removing seams and surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be working into the finished product. Chipping is often employed to remove metal that is excessive but not defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting is known as “deseaming” or “scarfing.”




CHROMIUM
(Chemical symbol Cr.) - Element No. 24 of the periodic system; atomic weight 52.01. It is of bright silvery color, relatively hard. It is strongly resistant to atmospheric and other oxidation. It is of great value in the manufacture of Stainless Steel as an iron-base alloy. Chromium plating has also become a large outlet for the metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation (2) increases hardenability (3) adds some strength at high temperatures (4) resists abrasions and wear (with high carbon).




CHROMIUM-NICKEL STEEL
Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known of the chromium-nickel types.

CIGARETTE KNIFE STEEL
Hardened, tempered and bright polished. 1.25 Carbon content - Chromium .15. Accurate flatness necessary and a high hardness with Rockwell C 51 to 53. Usually sizes are 4 ?#148; wide and 6” wide x .004 to .010.




CLADDING
A process for covering one metal with another. Usually the surfaces of fairly thick slabs of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling so that a clad composition results. In some instances a thick electroplate may be deposited before rolling.

CLAD METAL
A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co-rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating.




CLUSTER MILL
A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more back-up rolls.




COBALT
(Chemical symbol Co.) Element No. 27 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.94. A gray magnetic metal of medium hardness; it resists corrosion like nickel, which it resembles closely; melting point 2696癋.; boiling point about 5250癋.; specific gravity 8.9. It is used as the matrix metal in most cemented carbides and is occasionally electroplated instead of nickel, the sulfate being used as electrolyte. Its principal function as an alloy in tool steel; it contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite.


COIL SET OR LONGITUDINAL CURL
A lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip metals following its coil pattern. A departure from longitudinal flatness. It can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges.




COILS
Coiled flat sheet or strip metal - usually in one continuous piece or length.


COINING
A process of impressing images or characters of the die and punch onto a plane metal surface.

COKE PLATE
(Hot Dipped Tin Plate) Standard tin plate, with the lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher grade is the best cokes, with special cokes representing the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings, see (Charcoal Tin Plate).

COIL BREAKS
Creases or Ridges appearing in sheets as parallel lines transverse to the direction of rolling and generally extending across the width of the sheet.

COIL WELD
A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil - which is not always visible in the cold reduced product.




COLD REDUCED STRIP
Metal strip, made from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on cold-reduction mills.

COLD REDUCTION
Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.




COLD ROLLED FINISH
Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant resulting in a relatively smooth appearance.




COLD ROLLING
Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (work-hardening). Same as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as tempers.




COLD SHORT
The characteristics of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures.


COLD SHUT
A defect produced during casting, causing an area in the metal where two portions of the metal in either a molten or plastic condition have come together but have failed to unite, fuse, or, blend into a solid mass. (See Lamination)

COLD WORKING
Plastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a temperature sufficiently low to create strain hardening (work-hardening). Commonly, the term refers to such deformation at normal temperatures.




COLUMBIUM
(Chemical Symbol Cb) - Element No. 41 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 92.91. It is steel gray in color and brilliant luster. Specific gravity 8.57. Melting point at about 4379癋. It is used mainly in the production of stabilized austenitic chromium-nickel steels, also to reduce the air-hardening characteristics in plain chromium steels of the corrosion resistant type.

COMMERCIAL BRONZE
A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed “commercial-bronze” it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper and has equal or better ductility.

COMMERCIAL FINISH
(See Finishes)

COMMERCIAL QUALITY STEEL SHEET
Normally to a ladle analysis of carbon limited at 0.15 max. A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet.

CONTINUOUS CASTING
A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured, and the length is not determined by mold dimensions.

CONTINUOUS FURNACE
Furnace, in which the material being heated moves steadily through the furnace.




CONTINUOUS PICKLING
Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pickling and washing tanks.

CONTINUOUS STRIP MILL
A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.

CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE FURNACES
A furnace used for bright annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purposes of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place.

CONVERTER
A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.

COOLING STRESSES
Stresses develop by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling and retained.


COPPER
(Chemical symbol Cu) - Element No. 29 of the periodic system, atomic weight 63.57. A characteristically reddish metal of bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical and heat conductivity; melting point 1981癋.; boiling point 4237癋.; specific gravity 8.94. Universally used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod and wire and also as alloyed by other elements (See Brass and Bronze), as an alloy with other metals.




CORE WOUND FLAT WIRE
(See Oscillated Wound Coils)

CORROSION
Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents.

CORROSION EMBRITTLEMENT
The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a corrosive environment. Such material is usually susceptible to the intergranular type of corrosion attack.




CORRUGATED
As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of deep short waves.

CREEP
The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is above the recrystallization temperature of the metal.




CRITICAL POINTS
Temperatures at which internal changes or transformations take place within a metal either on a rising or falling temperature.




CRITICAL RANGE
A temperature range in which an internal change takes place within a metal. Also termed Transformation Range.

CROP
The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and discarded.


CROSS BREAK
(See Luders Lines) This term also applies to transverse ribs or ripples.

CROSS DIRECTION
(In rolled or drawn metal) The direction parallel to the axis of the rolls during rolling. The direction at, right angles to the direction of rolling or drawing.




CROSS ROLLING
Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal; usually done to increase width.

CROWN OR HEAVY CENTER
Increased thickness in the center of metal sheet or strip as compared with thickness at the edge.




CRUCIBLE
A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or other refractory materials, and used in the melting of metal. The term is sometimes applied to pots made of cast iron, cast steel or wrought steel.




CRYSTAL
(1) A physically homogeneous solid, in which the atoms , ions, or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern. (2) A coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same anisotropic arrangement of atoms; in metals, usually synonymous with “grain” and “crystallite.”




CRYSTALLINE
Composed of crystals.

CRYSTALLIZATION
The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization.)




CUBE-CENTERED
Metallography - (Concerning space lattices) - Body-centered cubic. Refers to crystal structure.




CUP FRACTURE
A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed.




CUP TEST
(See Olsen Ductility Test)




CYANIDING
Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching.

Metal Terminology D

DEAD FLAT
Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. (See Stretcher Leveling)


DEAD SOFT ANNEALING
Heating metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility.


DEAD SOFT STEEL
Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.20-0.50% range, completely annealed.


DEAD SOFT TEMPER
(No. 5 TEMPER) - Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state.


DEBURRING
A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.


DECARBURIZATION
Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. Reheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action.


DEEP DRAWING
The process of cold working or drawing sheet or strip metal blanks by means of dies on a press into shames which are usually more or less cup-like in character involving considerable plastic deformation of the metal. Deep-drawing quality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis of suitability for deep-drawing.


DEGASSING PROCESS
(In steel making) - Removing gases from the molten metal by means of a vacuum process in combination with mechanical action.


DELTA IRON
Allotropic modification of iron, stable above 2552癋. to melting point. It is of body-centered cubic crystal structure.


DEOXIDIZING
Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology, the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale. (See Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces)


DIE-LINES
Lines of markings caused on drawn or extruded products by minor imperfections in the surface of the die.


DIE SINKING
Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die.


DISH
A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge. Indicates transverse or across the width.


DOCTOR BLADE STEEL STRIP
A hardened and tempered spring steel strip, usually blued, produced from approximately .85 carbon cold rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness and good edges. Sometimes hand straightened or straightened by grinding and cut to desired lengths. This product is used in the printing trade as a blade to uniformly remove excess ink (“dope”) from the rolls; hence its name.


DRAWING BACK
Reheated after hardening to a temperature below the critical for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel. (See Tempering)


DRILL ROD
A term given to an annealed and polished high carbon tool steel rod usually round and centerless ground. The sizes range in round stock from .013 to 1 ?#148; diameter. Commercial qualities embrace water and oil hardening grades. A less popular but nevertheless standard grade is a non-deforming quality. Drill Rods are used principally by machinists and tool and die makers for punches, drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools, etc.


DRY ROLLED FINISH
Finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, material previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.


DUCTILITY
The property of metals that enables them to be mechanically deformed when cold, without fracture. In steel, ductility is usually measured by elongation and reduction of area as determined in a tensile test.


DURALUMIN
The trade name applied to the first aluminum-copper-magnesium type of age-hardenable alloy (17S), which contains nominally 4% Cu, ?% Mg. The term is sometimes used to include the class of wrought aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys that harden during aging at room temperature.


Metal Terminology E

EARING
Wavy projections formed at the opera end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing because of differences in directional properties. Also termed scallop. (See Non-Scalloping Quality Strip Steel)


EDGES
Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products. Over the years the following types of edges have become recognized as standard in their respective fields.

COPPER BASE ALLOYS
Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined or Drawn,

SHEET STEELS OR ALUMINUM SHEET
Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge.

STRIP STEELS and STAINLESS STRIP
No. 1 Edge - A smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance +/-.005”.

No. 2 Edge - A natural round mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits.

No. 3 Edge - Square, produced by slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerance close.

No. 4 Edge - A round edge produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit edge strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 edge. Width tolerances liberal.

No. 5 Edge - An approximately square edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and rolling to remove burr.

No. 6 Edge - A square edge produced by square edge rolling, generally from square edge hot-rolled occasionally from slit strip. Width tolerances and finish not as exacting as No. 1 edge.


EDGE FILING
A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded edge.


EDGE STRAIN OR EDGE BREAKS
Creases extending in from the edge of the temper rolled sheet.


EDGEWISE CURVATURE
(See Camber)


EDGING
The dressing of metal strip edges by rolling, filing or drawing.


ELASTIC LIMIT
Maximum stress that a material will stand before permanent deformation occurs.


ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL
Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively high cost, only tool steels and other high-value steels are made by the electric furnace process.


ELECTROCLEANING
(Electrolytic Brightening) - An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or oxidizing treatment in which the specimen or work is made the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied.


ELECTRO-GALVANIZING
Galvanizing by electrodeposition of zinc on steel.


ELECTROLYTIC POLISHING
(See Electrocleaning)


ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE
Black Plate that has been tin plated on both sides with commercially pure tin by electrodeposition. (See Tin Plating)


ELECTROPLATING
The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electrodeposition. It is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Various plated metals and combinations thereof are being used for different purpose to illustrate:

1. Decoration and protection against corrosion…………………...copper, nickel and chromium.

2. Protection against corrosion…………………………………...cadmium or zinc

3. Protection against wear………………………………………..chromium

4. Build-up of a part or parts undersize…………………………...chromium or nickel

5. Plate for rubber adhesion………………………………………brass

6. Protection against carburization and for brazing operations…......copper and nickel


ELONGATION
Increase in length which occurs before a metal is fractured, when subjected to stress. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length and is a measure of the ductility of the metal.


EMBOSSING
Raising or indenting a design in relief on a sheet or strip of metal by passing between rolls of desired pattern. (See Patterned or Embossed Sheet)


ENDURANCE LIMIT
Maximum alternating stress, which a given material will withstand for an indefinite number of times, without causing fatigue failure.


ERICHSEN TEST
Similar to the Olsen Test. Readings are in millimeters.


ETCHING
In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.


EUTECTOID STEEL
Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid temperature being about 1333癋. Such steel in the annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are known as hypo-eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. When more carbon is present, the steel is known as hyper-eutectoid and contains free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such as nickel or chromium, lowers the eutectoid carbon content.


EXPANDER STEEL
Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content about 1.00, Chromium .17. Used for the expanders in oil piston rings. Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes run for grooves 3/32” to ?#148; wide with the steel approximately .003% less than the grooves and thickness from .012 to .020”.


EXTENSOMETER
An apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it is subjected to stress.


EXTENSOMETER TEST
The measurement of deformation during stressing in the elastic range, permitting determination of elastic properties such as proportional limit, proof stress, yield strength by the offset method and so forth. Requires the use of special testing equipment and testing procedures such as the use of an extensometer or the plotting of a stress-strain diagram.


EXTRA HARD TEMPER
In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B & S numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage.


EXTRA SPRING TEMPER
In brass mill terminology, Extra Spring is ten numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing or soft stage.


EXTRUSION
Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate shape.